Next Steps

By identifying your students’ reading skills gaps and focusing on the critical content, we know you will make gains.

Want to learn more about supporting your students’ literacy growth?

Learn how PHONICS for Reading, by reading expert Dr. Anita Archer, helps striving readers build the word-recognition skills they need.

Reach out to your local educational sales consultant to learn how you can provide the right reading interventions for your middle school students.

Term	Meaning
Decoding	Identifying the sound that a letter or set of letters stand for and putting those sounds together to read a word
Decodable text	A highly controlled text that uses only letter sounds and combinations students have been taught
Explicit instruction	Teaching students in a direct and structured way
Fluency	The ability to read text accurately and with ease, expression, and appropriate pacing
Language comprehension	The ability to derive meaning from spoken or written language
Morphology	The study of words and their parts to derive meaning
Systematic instruction	Following a scope and sequence to make sure you give instruction in each concept, then making sure students have mastered the skills before moving on to introduce new skills
Word recognition	The ability to recognize written words instantly without conscious effort

Alexandrowicz, V. (2023). ESL and cultures resource. University of San Diego. https://sites.sandiego.edu/esl/ten-sdaie-strategies
Muñoz-Muñoz, E. R, Goldenberg, C., & Krivoruchko, M. (2023). Narrowing down to find common ground: Shared agreements for effective literacy instruction in California. Pivot Learning. https://www.pivotlearning.org/resources/narrowing-down-to-find-common-ground
National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP). (2022). NAEP report card: 2022 NAEP reading assessment. NAEP. https://www.nationsreportcard.gov/highlights/reading/2022
Taylor, M. J., Newman-Gonchar, R., Krowka, S., Kieffer, M. J., McKeown, M., Reed, D., Sanchez, M., St. Martin, K., Wexler, J., Morgan, S., Yañez, A., & Jayanthi, M. (2022). Providing reading interventions for students in grades 4–9 (WWC 2022007). Washington, DC: National Center for Education Evaluation and Regional Assistance (NCEE), Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Retrieved from https://whatworks.ed.gov
Young, N. (2018) Ladder of reading. International Dyslexia Association. https://dyslexiaida.org/ladder-of-reading-infographic-structured-literacy-helps-all-students